Islamic Management

Definition : Definition management â€Å"The conventional definition of management is getting work done through people, but real management is developing people through work. † Characteristic of conventional management : Examinees each resource sector and environment component in isolation Examines each resource sector and/or environmental component in isolation (e. g. , water, air, forests, fish) Focuses on biotic components; limited, if any, consideration of ecological processes (e. g. , hydrological process) Targets only specific resources of interest; typically those of commercial value Conflicting management policiesComparision Islamic management and conventional management 1. 2 CONVENTIONAL AND ISLAMIC UNIT TRUSTS 1. 2. 1 CONVENTIONAL UNIT TRUSTS Based on the Guidelines on Unit Trust Funds issued by the Securities Commission in October 1991, a unit trust fund company can only invest in authorized Malaysian assets, which include listed and unlisted securities of Malaysian companies, Malaysian Government Securities, Cagamas bonds, bankers’ acceptances, Negotiable Certificates of Deposits, Government Investment Certificates and cash (Banker’s Journal Malaysia, 1995).However, in March 1994, the Commission has provided a provision by which trust funds can invest (10% of portfolio) in overseas stock. Hence, conventional unit trust funds can invest in any of the above Malaysian assets without any restriction as long as the funds have not reached its maximum approved size. 3 1. 2. 2 ISLAMIC UNIT TRUSTS The Islamic unit trusts mainly focus on the investments in portfolios of ‘halal’ stocks and bonds complying with the Syariah principles.Such ‘halal’ stocks exclude companies involving in activities, products or services related to conventional banking, insurance and financial services, gambling, alcoholic beverages and non-halal food products and also companies whose products can cause illness, death, disease or even p romote social ills such as tobacco. From an Islamic perspective, the above industries are avoided as they represent elements that are forbidden by Allah and the harmful effects of such products on mankind (Smart Investor, 2002).The returns of Islamic unit trusts also avoid the incidence of ‘riba’ or usury interest through the process of cleaning or purification by the removal of such amounts representing the interest element. In instances where a fund has inadvertently made profits investing in non-permissible sectors, the fund will liquidate the investments. The proceeds of the gain will then be donated to charities. Mohd Nasir (2000) mentioned in his paper that the Syariah principle of ‘musharakah’ acts as a base for Islamic unit trust whereby it is a participatory financing involving agreement between the contributor of capital and the user.Therefore, the providers of funds or partners are the unitholders in an Islamic unit trust. A formal contract betwe en the unitholders, capital or fund, profit, the offer, the acceptance and the investment activities are also available within the practice of the Islamic unit trust. The concept of ‘al-wadiah yad dhamanah’ or guaranteed safe custody is involved in the operation of the Islamic unit trust fund. Prior to the funds existence, the owners of assets are the investors, custodian holder is the fund manager, and asset is the money invested.After the creation of the fund, the owners of assets are the unit holders, the custodian is the trustee and the assets include all assets of the fund. Besides that, the concept of ‘al-bai’bithamin ajil’ is also practiced in the Islamic unit trust whereby there is a transaction of buying and redemption of units of funds. In this case, the purchase or redemption price is the managers forward selling or buying price at the next valuation point when investors decide to buy or unitholders decide to redeem their shares. Moreover, the valuation point is the price at the close of business for the day.Nonetheless, based on ‘al-wakalah principle’, the price must be determined at the time the contract of sale or purchase is executed. As a result, the current practice of Islamic unit trust does not conform to the ‘al-wakalah’ principle. Thus, it has been suggested that daily historical price would be more appropriate in order to observe the Syariah principles (Shariff, 2002). Apart from having the same standard criteria for other conventional unit trusts as explained in the Securities Commission’s Guidelines on Unit Trust Funds (1997), the Islamic unit 4 trust funds must lso meet the criteria as advised by the Securities Commission’s Syariah Advisory Council (SAC) 2 . For example, the Islamic unit trust funds can only invest in securities approved by the SAC. The trust funds are also required to appoint a Syariah committee or syariah consultant who must be approved by the C ommission. As at October 25 th , 2002, the SAC has approved 684 securities [543 approved securities as at January 2 nd , 1999 (Arbi, 1999)] listed on the KLSE and classified them as ‘halal’ stocks thus can be bought by the Islamic trust fund managers

Black People and Roberta Essay

In Toni Morrison’s â€Å"Recitatif,† the story is about two girls, Twyla and Roberta. They grow up in an orphanage because their mothers could not care for them. Morrison makes it clear the girls come from different ethnic backgrounds but never states which one is black or white. At one point in the story Twyla comments, â€Å"We looked like salt and pepper. † I grew frustrated with the story and had to read it several times. I could never determine who was black and white and the lesson I learned should have been it doesn’t really matter. The story begins with Twyla’s mother dropping her off at the orphanage. She meets Roberta and they become best friends. The bond they share occurs because they were not considered real orphans. They were abandoned kids unlike the other children whose parents had died. One of the last times the girls see each other was the day of a visitation. On that night, Twyla’s mother was wearing â€Å"those tight green slacks that made her butt stick out. † Many people have labeled blacks as having larger butts. She could have been black, she could have been a heavy white woman with a large butt, or a Hispanic woman like me. But I automatically stereotyped and went with Twyla has to be black. During the visitation Roberta’s mother â€Å"had brought chicken legs. † Twyla notices Roberta does not eat the chicken legs. I always thought black people liked chicken more than white people which means Roberta was white since she did not eat the chicken. Or maybe she just wasn’t hungry. Shortly after that visitation Roberta’s mother came to take her home, leaving the girls devastated. They see each other several times throughout the years. At their first meeting, Roberta was rude and distant because she was high. Roberta tells Twyla she is on the way to see Jimi Hendrix. Hendrix was an infamous black guitarist. I thought at this point Roberta has to be black. However Hendrix’s band was interracial with a diverse audience. Roberta could have been white due to the diverse audience. I am a huge Hendrix fan and I am not black so why would I think Roberta is. Twelve years later they meet again at a grocery store. Roberta married a rich man and was extremely friendly to Twyla. Twyla cannot hold back her emotions and asks Roberta about the last time they saw each other. Roberta shrugs it off, â€Å"Oh, Twyla, you know how it was in those days: black—white. You know how everything was. † I can relate to this. In 1980, the Cuban Mariel Boat Lifts came over bring thousands of Cubans. I am Cuban but I was born here. Kids I had known since kindergarten treated me as if I just come over on the boats. It had a lasting effect on me and matured me beyond my years. The third time they meet is at the school where their children attend. Roberta and other mothers were picketing because they did not want their kids to be segregated. This led to a fight severing any last chance of a friendship for them as it would not be resolved until Twyla and Roberta meet for a final time. As the story ends I do not get a sense of closure. The question of which girl is white or black remains unanswered. It opened my eyes and made me question how prejudice I really am. I try to not stereotype as a result of what I went through as a child but I found myself doing just that. I can understand why Morrison wrote the way she. I am not sure what her goal was overall but to me it seemed as if she were teaching me about prejudices. â€Å"Recitatif† challenged me to not judge either girl by their race but accept them for who they are. In the end, what difference did it really make about the girls’ races? The story is about how their friendship develops and then deteriorates. Nothing more; nothing less.

Use of the veto Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Use of the veto - Research Paper Example Giving the president the veto power helps him to defend himself, as well as his office by preserving his own independence and importance, so that he can be relied on to exercise this power. However, Spitzer (12) argues that the veto power that was introduced into the presidency through the United States constitution, is limited compared to that of the British monarch’s veto that was used as reference by the founders. Unlike the king, of Great Britain who has an absolute veto, the president of the United States has limited veto that can be overridden by a two-thirds vote, in both the house and the senate. Reason for doing this was that the framers of the U. S. constitution believed a limited veto would be more efficient than an absolute one because it would be put into active use; thus, promote political development. Gilmour (198) evaluates both the president and presidency approaches to give centered explanations of the presidential activities in relation to their power to use the veto. He uses individual bill data passed by Congress to determine the extent to which institutional factors account for vetoes and how variation accounts for an individual president’s veto behaviour (Gilmour, 198). As stated by Gilmour (199), the presidential vetoes mainly occur when the congress passes objectionable bills, which bring the president under control of the congress. However, despite being controlled by the congress, most presidents have different veto behaviour with some being more prone to using veto than others. For this reason, Gilmour (200) claims that the president’s veto decision is highly influenced by external factors although individual choices and strategies of presidents also play a significant influence. Gilmour (200) argues that contemporary research on the president has focused more on the presidency-centered approach than the president-centered approach. The presidency-centered approach states that the president is a clerk and that

Strategic Mangement Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Mangement Case Study - Essay Example This analysis is useful, because it helps to understand both the strength of current competitive position, and the strength of a position the company is looking to move into. At the early maturity of the industry's lifecycle, the number of new entrants into the smaller production end of the industry continued to grow. However, concentration was occurring among the medium and large players as a result of both local acquisitions and acquisitions by overseas purchasers. The newer producing countries, such as Chile, are perceived to be the bigger threat due to rapid advancements in production quality. The demand for the wine in the domestic market and in the international market was growing since the establishment of the company. We can see that from the fact that in 1998 from 120 tonnes of grapes crushed and less than 1 per cent export volume to 670 tonnes crushed in 1999 and greater than 49 per cent export volume, growth was achieved with minimal comparable overheads and infrastructure. The export figures testify that the growth of the buyer power is increasing over the time. Coopers Creek's own branded product was the winery's focus and, in 2000, it was anticipated that it would sell more in the USA than in the UK. The owner of the winery was concentrating on the development of a small number of markets and selling a broad range of higher margin wines in the on-premise segment. This focus allowed the company to reach consumers willing to pay more expensive prices as New Zealand wines became a permanent category on restaurant wine lists. Supplier power This factor defines the ability of a supplier to control the cost and supply of the inputs in the market. With the management of the quantity and quality of the grape supply proving to be a critical resource issue within the New Zealand industry, investment in plantings are important for the industry as a whole. In order to be successful and sustain profitability in the market, wineries are obligied to reduce costs of production by investing extensively in their own vineyard plantings. Over supply of the wine that takes place in the industry when the harvest is better than previewed, leads to production of lower-cost wines, either by growers forming a cooperative to utilise the excess grapes and produce their own wine or by wineries focusing on low-cost competition. It is anticipated that a low-cost competitor would affect the export market more than the domestic markets. Major decisions in the production of the wine are made at the supply stage and sometimes this involves the buying of bulk wine from other New Zealand producers to keep supplies going. For example, Tesco's in the UK wanted to do a summer price promotion in 1997 on a New Zealand wine. When one of the larger New Zealand wineries failed to respond, Coopers Creek took up the challenge, although it did not have all the wine to meet Tesco's requirements. The

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Company Law - Essay Example The most appropriate remedy that Quincy should avail is the second remedy of applying for an order from the court on the ground that the company's affairs are being conducted in a manner which is 'unfairly prejudicial' under Part 30 CA 206, ss 994-998 because this remedy allows Roar to continue its business. CA 2006 (s 994) gives Quincy very flexible solutions to disagreements within Roar without having to necessarily wind up the company under the first remedy. Specifically, s 994(1) CA 2006 provides as follows: "A member of a company may apply to the court by petition for an order under this Part on the ground - (a) that the company's affairs are being or have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of members generally or of some part of its members (including at least himself), or (b) that an actual or proposed act or omission of the company (including an act or omission on its behalf) is or would be so prejudicial. The 'Act or omission' under this Section can include either an isolated act or omission or a continuing situation, depending on the circumstances. In fact, in Re Norvabron Pty Ltd (No 2) (1986) 11 ACLR 33, this can even include an act which took place before the petitioner became a shareholder. Furthermore, the legal import of the term 'C onduct of the company's affairs' has been considered in Re Legal Costs Negotiators Ltd (1999) 2 BCLC 171 CA wherein there were originally four individuals who set up a company, each was a director and employee and each had an equal amount of shares. When the relationship with one person broke down, he was dismissed subsequently as an employee although he resigned as a director just before he was removed. Nonetheless, he remained a shareholder although he refused to sell his shares to the other three. When the majority petitioned under s 459 CA 2006 for an order that he should transfer his shares to them, the petition was rejected because of the distinction between this remedy and personal actions, i.e. in this statutory remedy, what is relevant to consider is the 'company's affairs'. In the given situation, the following facts clearly indicate that the company's affairs are being or have been conducted by Patrick and Sally in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the interests of Quincy, a minority; and an actual act of the company (including an act or omission on its behalf) is so prejudicial to Quincy: Patrick and Sally have remove Quincy as a director; Patrick and Sally take out any profit from the business as director's salaries; and they also decide to change the nature of the business which by the Articles of Association requires a 75% majority. In fact, the 75% requirement in amending the Articles of Incorporation was not met because Patrick and Sally only owned at least 70% of the shares. Moreover, Patrick and Sally appropriated several valuable contracts to Sally's company, Tiddles Limited (Tiddles) which would normally have gone to Roar in order to make sure that no benefit will come to Quincy from these contracts. Clearly, these events and the facts taken together not only constitute a basis to grant an application for an order based on the ground that the company'

Future Of Software Engineering In The 21st Century. White Paper Essay

Future Of Software Engineering In The 21st Century. White Paper - Essay Example If that is the case than this century will be the time period the computer will grow up. So the same can be said about its heart, the software. Software engineering has only been around for a little more than forty years and definitely has some growing to accomplish. After all, those four decades have seen a â€Å"software crisis† materialize and some would say it has declined or disappeared. Yet Dianna Mullet (2007) writes that the crisis lies with the difference between software development and engineering. Developers are thought of as skilled craftsmen and normally the development cycle is a play it by ear or â€Å"ad hoc† process and new software is beset with cost and time overruns. This also results in increased maintenance and update costs. Unfortunately she also points most universities teach the â€Å"Craft mentality†. Differentially, software engineers approach the task as a scientific discipline. This is important to consider now that the software prod uced for businesses constitutes ninety per cent of all software and the average â€Å"large† software consists of over 50,000 lines of code (Ibid). The time of some teenager making workable software in his spare time (think Mark Zuckerberg) is probably all but over. So then with twelve years almost finished, where does software engineering proceed in this century? ... Ian Summerville of Lancaster University (2002) compares the work of Lord Kelvin when trying to envision the future of software engineering. What he calls the â€Å"human activity†, is that from which traditional science attains results, using standard mathematical equations to determine a practical solution, Although there has to be something of a human element in software, software engineering cannot be measured in the â€Å"normal† way, for the software as an abstract thing only supports the human activity and is not truly a physical part of the equation. That being said, a lab is not the place to conduct experiments in software engineering. True, the development process can be started in the lab but the environment where the software is actually is to be utilized is the only true place where it can be determined as to whether the new software is feasible. He also states that â€Å"There is no technical solution to software complexity†. However, Boehm brings an interesting and hopeful point that the future should hold. Currently there is no software for checking software. Perhaps in the near future even the hardware chip, in conjunction with a program, can check the code to verify its authenticity, to cut down on the astronomical maintenance costs. Summerville agrees with Mullet that finding a way for â€Å"traditional† scientists to recognize software engineering as another discipline in their field is tantamount for the process to succeed in this century. He uses a quote from Kelvin that is dated and sexist, is also relevant in the subject â€Å"Large increases in cost with questionable increases in performance can only be tolerated in race horses and women!† In other words, the accepted way of huge

Poerty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poerty - Essay Example Because each speaker conveys a personal narrative of love being the main subject, Donne and Blake necessitate to use elements that are naturally felt and are symbolic of certain human characteristics as reflected by the beauty and brilliance of the shining sun whereas the difference between clod and pebble serves to embody the opposing traits of sincerity and conceitedness. Blake’s three-part â€Å"The Clod and the Pebble† opens with â€Å"Love seeketh not itself to please, / Nor for itself hath any care† which is apparently stated by the â€Å"little Clod of Clay† in some rhythm. The clod is personified as one that sings about a selfless kind of love and knows what true love means for it has been innumerably stepped on in life. As the narrator further confesses the clod to have been â€Å"Trodden with the cattle’s feet†, the clod’s filth and humble situation explicates a virtuous character that is trained to deal with hardships so that the knowledge and deed of love becomes the essence of life. To imagine, the clay merely accepts man’s heavy toil and severe actions that are normally difficult to bear as it allows itself to be utilized as base to hold moving feet, dwellings, and transport of everyday. Thus, the clod proceeds with â€Å"But for another gives it ease, / And builds a heaven in hellà ¢â‚¬â„¢s despair† to signify how it sincerely means for love to function on someone else’s sake in generous terms. This is in huge contrast to the attitude of â€Å"Pebble of the brook† that claims â€Å"Love seeketh only Self to please, / To bind another to its delight† for in its evil selfishness, it sees and cares not about welfare of others whose loss would even matter in the fulfillment of self-love. On the other hand, Donne’s â€Å"The Sun Rising† communicates the meaning and significance of love through a speaker who seemingly dares the sun to put his spirit to test as he expresses â€Å"Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime†. As though the might of his love

Integrating the Least Developed Countries into the World Trading Essay

Integrating the Least Developed Countries into the World Trading System - Essay Example The European Community has developed numerous economic and trading layers through which the bloc manages and deals with the economic and trade affairs with other countries of the world. The European Union consists of 27 members (Jacoby 2004; Kelley 2004; Vachudova 2005). This expansion enables EU as a unitary actor to exercise considerable geo-regulatory and geo-economic power (Damro 2006; Young and Peterson 2006). The other instruments employed by the EU to enhance its influence beyond Europe borders include conditionality (Lister and Carbone 2006) and development aid (Holland 2008). The members of EU have developed an integrated policy including agriculture policy, common competition policy, and common external tariff policy. The members have also observed the uniform application of four basic components of freedom such as capital, movement of persons, goods, and services. The entire bloc has allowed the citizens of member countries to enjoy free cross-border mobility without using or facing any visa restrictions. The members also use Euro as a single currency to exchange goods and services. South Africa in 1999 (Dur 2007; Frennhoff-Larsen 2007; Sanabuja 2000; Szymanski and Smith 2005).The first generation association agreements in the period of 1970s observed the establishment of customs unions with the states of Malta and Cyprus. The European Economic Area (EEA) represents a single market of the European Union. The major function of EEA is to work as a free trade area along with maintaining its own distinct and separate tariff level. Free Trade Areas (FTA) are the regulatory framework underway between various developing and developed countries of the world. The FTAs with other countries including Slovenia, Estonia, Bulgaria and Lithuania and other central and eastern states have been concluded. In addition to that, the Mediterranean Partnerships encompass economic and trade relationships between various countries from the Middle East and other parts of the world. The focus is to increase and strengthen the economic ties and relationships. In this regard, Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) preferences are also another mechanism put in place to develop and maintain economic and trade relations with a number of developing countries. The framework of Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is increased when the inclusion of the recent ‘Everything But Arms’ initiative took place in which economic and trade framework was further analyzed and developed a workable framework with the developing countries with an aim of strengthen economic and trade relationships. However, there are various experts who do not agree with the notion that EU trade policy extends the share of benefits that it has given to the EU farmers. And they also contend that one way or other, the EU trade policy works at the cost of the developing countries.  

Ada Mediation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ada Mediation - Essay Example The State College is an old institution and the college authorities claim that it has historical significance of over 200 years in terms of its architectural structure. The real problem derives from the fact that due to absence of ramps, the student is not able to move freely around, which prevents him from utilizing the resources available in the college. Thus, he is forced to seek help from others to negotiate the tall steps. This causes considerable problems to him and hampers his music practice. The authorities of State College, on the other hand, state that it is hard to make modifications in the building, which will spoil its architectural value of historical significance. Besides, they claim that they will have to incur an expense of over $ 1 million to make the ramp for a single person. They are putting forth this reason to avoid any modifications to the college building to render it ADA compliant. This fact has raised a public issue as it disregards the provisions of the Ame ricans with Disabilities Act (ADA) 1990, enacted by the American Congress. Issues: The present subject raises the question of legal support to the music student in State College. For all practical purposes, this person has been unable to use the facilities to learn music in the college. The ADA emphasizes that all disabled persons have to be extended full facilities in their workplace.

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban - Essay Example Although the school and the village are closely connected, students still need permission to visit the premises. Students usually visit High Street which is filled with plenty of shops, pubs, and other extravagant places. These shops are a great place for students to socialize and discuss recent events. One of the candy shops Honeydukes Sweetshop is owned by a wizard called Flume. According to a student’s description in the Harry Potter and the Prince of Azkaban, â€Å"candy shop is filled with shelves upon shelves of the most succulent-looking sweets imaginable† Moreover, the owner of the candy shop makes his own delicious fudge, which is irresistible and delicious. The candy shop also has a secret passageway and a trap door, known to only a few people. Another shop that popular amongst Hogwarts students is Zonko’s. Zonko’s is a specialty store also which is a heaven for any prankster that carries great products such as Dungbombs, Hiccup Sweets, Frog Spawn Soap, and Nose-Biting Teacups. Clearly, this shop has gained a lot of popularity among students.

Development of Anna Fitzgerald Character Essay Example for Free

Development of Anna Fitzgerald Character Essay Adolescence development relies upon many factors. In order to accurately examine its growth, it is useful to look at some developmental theories. Anna Fitzgerald is thirteen years old; however, she is not like any other teenager with some ordinary problems. Anna was born for a specific purpose she was born to save her sister’s life and to serve as a matched tissue donor. When Anna was born, her umbilical cord was collected and since then she was constantly donating blood, stem cells or bone marrow. That resulted in her undergoing more serious and risky procedures. But when she reaches the age 13, she is being told to donate one of her kidneys. Aware of the fact that she was conceived to be a perfect match and ongoing donor for her sister, she wants to have the chance of living her own life. This is when Anna decides to hire a lawyer and to sue her parents to be â€Å"medically emancipated† from her family. Because she loves her sister unconditionally, Anna struggles with her decision. Developmental theories of Piaget, Ericson, Marcia and Freud are very useful, in order to examine the development of Anna Fitzgerald, the character from â€Å"My Sister’s Keeper†. Nature vs. nurture is the first theory that can be applied to Anna’s life. Nature refers to the human biological inheritance and nurture to the environmental experience (Santrock, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malcomson Leung, 2011). Since she was born for a specific purpose, her parents had already planned her future. To some point of her life, Anna felt it was normal to be a donor and to be in the hospital three to four days a week. Whenever her sister had an emergency, Anna had to be present. The environment Anna lives in is unusual for a teenager. Anna thinks of herself as a total freak. As it is common for teenagers to complain about her look, she states that God must have had some sort of a moody day on her birthday. She sees a big picture of her household. She knows that the environment which she was born in, did not allow her to be a kid. She had to mature fast and act as an adult. It is clear that Anna is going through identity crisis of moratorium. Moratorium stage according to James Marcia is defined by individual exploring different possibilities, yet not being ready to make a commitment to one. In Anna’s case she had plenty of ideas who she would like to be. When asked by her lawyer, where she sees herself in ten years period, she responds: â€Å"There was a time when, like Kate, I’d wanted to be a ballerina. But since then I’ve gone through a thousand different stages: I wanted to be an astronaut. I wanted to be a paleontologist. I wanted to be a backup singer for Aretha Franklin, a member of the Cabinet, a Yellowstone National Park ranger. Now, based on the day, I sometimes want to be a microsurgeon, a poet, a ghost hunter† (Picoult, 2004, p. 412). What strikes the most in her young, yet mature personality is that in ten years period, she would like to be Kate’s sister. Based on Piaget operational stage theory, Anna is clearly capable of using abstract thought. Abstract thought is an adolescence possibility to think outside of the box and see likely outcomes and consequences. Anna knew exactly that by starting the lawsuit, she has a chance of wining the right to decide for her own. Deep inside her, she still wants to help her sister, but knowing the fact that she cannot make her own decisions, made her to go to the extreme and sue her own parents. She is aware of the fact that her decision may have a huge impact on her sister’s life. Perhaps, she will die; however, she is looking at the long term goal. How is the transplant going to affect her life? Is she going to be able to function normally? What if something goes wrong? All this questions were building up inside of her head and did not want to stop. This process of thoughts indicated her ability to think logically by looking at cons and pros of her situation. Based on Ericson psychosocial developmental theory, Anna is going through identity vs. role confusion stage. She is confused of her role in the family. Often reflecting of who she is, and what is the purpose of her life, besides being a perfect match for her sick sister. Anna once said: â€Å"I used to pretend that I was just passing through this family on my way to my real one† (Picoult, 2004, p. 49). This shows how confused she is in terms of her life. Furthermore, this identity confusion grows into her even more upon receiving a long awaited letter of acceptance, into a two weeks hockey summer camp. She is not allowed to go because of her sister’s condition. There is a big chance of Kate going into some health crisis while Anna is gone. It is a difficult time for a thirteen year old girl who is full of energy and is not being able to be just an ordinary adolescence. One can also relate Freud’s theory of development to Anna. The id is one of the structures of human personality. It operates on principles of pleasure and immediate satisfaction regardless of societal rules or other surrounding context (Santrock, MacKenzie-Rivers, Malcomson Leung, 2011). Anna’s id arises from her frustration to all medical treatments which are done in order to save her older sister, Kate. Frustration is added by her mother who pushes her to donate the kidney for Kate. Yet, from the start of the novel Anna knows the reality which she refuses to face, as result of her inner id: â€Å"On other hand, I was born for specific purpose†¦ I was born because a scientist managed to hook up my mother’s eggs and my father’s sperm to create a specific combination of precious genetic material†¦ specifically, because I could save my sister, Kateâ€Å"(Picoult, 2004, p. 7-8). This inner id, pushes her to rebel against her parents wishes, and results in Anna seeing a lawyer to help her end the suffering and release her from the heavy responsibility towards her sister. This unconscious part of her personality resurfaced, in her reply to the lawyer, when she says: â€Å"Because, she says simply, it never stops† (Picoult, 2004, p. 22). Some may find this very selfish, with total neglect for her sister’s future well being. It results in confrontation with her mother, who tries to make her realize â€Å"You went to a lawyer and made him think is all about you – and it’s not. It’s about us. All of us –â€Å"(Picoult, 2004, p. 54). Thus, her id rises up and does not care if it destroys other people – parents, brother and her sister. In Anna’s case her id prevails over ego. The ego is supposed to negotiate a compromise between her id, current reality and constraints. Anna feels some guilt, as her ego makes her think over and ask herself about her decision regarding kidney. â€Å"I started thinking about this. Would I have to be in the hospital? Would it hurt? Could people live with just one kidney? What if I wound up with kidney failure when I was, like, seventy? Where would I get my spare?†(Picoult, 2004, p.377). Anna’s superego, is supposed to be her moral guide, conscience to do the right thing. It rises up, specifically, when Anna looks at Kate who is becoming weaker and sicker than before and worries about her future and a possibility of her dying. â€Å"What do you think is the best way to die? I don’t want to talk about this, I said. Why? I’m dying. You’re dying. When I frowned, she said, Well, you are. The she grinned. I just happen to be more gifted at it than y ou are†¦ †¦You know, normal people don’t sit around thinking about dying. Liar. Everyone thinks about dying. Everyone thinks about you dying I said. The room went so still†¦ Then a twitchy smile crossed her face. Well, Kate said, at least now you’re telling the truth† (Picoult, 2004, p. 134-135). From this quote it is clear than Anna has difficulty hearing things from Kate, and that her superego is present and possibly regretting the lawsuit action. Perhaps, this is what prompted Anna, to write in her diary that in case of her death, she wants all of her organs to be donated to Kate. In the end, Anna has a car accident and dies, the lawyer who has won the case and got power of attorney, decides to honor Anna’s last wishes: â€Å"I have power of attorney for Anna, he explains, not her parents. And there is a girl upstairs who needs the kidney† (Picoult, 2004, p. 416). Anna’s life ends up tragically. One can assume that she fulfilled her purpos e in her short life, she saved her sister. Since Anna was born, she was a regular donor to her sister. One can observe it as continuity vs. discontinuity development. â€Å"The first time I gave something to my sister, it was a cord blood, and I was a newborn†¦ The next time she relapsed, I was five and I had lymphocytes drawn from me, three times over, because the doctors never seemed to get enough of them the first time around. When that stopped working, they took bone marrow for a transplant. When Kate got infections, I had to donate granulocytes. When she relapsed again, I had to donate peripheral stem cells† (Picoult, 2004, p. 21). One can explain continuity as a process involving a gradual accumulation of behavior or knowledge. Anna, throughout her short life was exposed to medical procedure, terms and responsibilities from the moment of her birth. She was growing up among those circumstances and she never got a chance to be a kid. She had to mature faster. Even her vocabulary was unusual for a thirteen years old girl. In his mind, her lawyer thought â€Å"This girl’s medical vocabulary would put some of my paid experts to shame† (Picoult, 2004, p. 21). Discontinuity is defined as a passing through life stages in a qualitative way. Since Anna’s character is presented just as she is thirteen years old, one can assume that for her to be able to think abstractly, indeed she was at concrete thinking stage in her earlier age. Anna would go through many different stages, perhaps having her case won; she would still donate her kidney. Anna’s life ends abruptly in a car accident. The logical sequence of life is death but to Anna it was way too early. In conclusion, Piaget, Ericson, Marcia and Freud theories were helpful to examine Anna development by using the appropriate key issues. Based on their theories, it is clear to observe Anna’s life and struggles that she is going through. The young age was not an obstacle to deal with some serious adult problems to which Anna was exposed to from an early age. Throughout the story she has dilemmas concerning her sister’s life. By combining the work of these theorists, it was possible to analyze her life from psychological perspective. References Keenan, T. (2011). Developmental psychology lecture. Intro To Developmental Psychology. Niagara Collage. Welland, Ontario, Canada Keenan, T. (2011). Developmental psychology lecture. Theories of Development. Niagara Collage. Welland, Ontario, Canada Keenan, T. (2011). Developmental psychology lecture. Adolescence. Niagara Collage. Welland, Ontario, Canada Picoult, J. (2004). My sisters keeper. New York, NY: Atria Books. Santrock, J. W., MacKenzie-Rivers, A., Malcomson, T., Leung, K. H. (2011). Life-span development. (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

My Hero-Muhammad Ali David Ramsey 10A Essay Example for Free

My Hero-Muhammad Ali David Ramsey 10A Essay My hero is Muhammad Ali who first came into the public eye as Cassius Clay when he won a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Rome in 1960. In 1964 he stunned the boxing community with his defeat of Sonny Liston, the heavyweight champion, and shocked the world yet again when he changed his name to Muhammad Ali after the fight. During the Vietnam war he was ordered to go and fight but he refused on religious grounds, but his decision was not met with ease, he was branded a draft-dodger and threatened with prison. He was stripped of his title and was effectively banned from boxing. Despite this, he never gave in to the American Government and stuck to his principles and during the years of exile from boxing he spent time studying his religion and public speaking. It was evident that he was sincere in his beliefs and he started to reclaim the respect of the American public, especially as the horrors of what was happening in Vietnam began to be shared more widely.When he was 28 and after 3 years band from the sport he loved, he was able to resume his boxing career. He eventually regained his title and went on to fight in some of the most breathtaking fights the world has ever seen. During his career, his influence on the world of boxing changed the sport forever. He took the world heavyweight championship away from its traditional New York City venue and took it to Canada, Britain, Germany, Zaire, Malaysia and Manila, as well as the United States. He used his position to speak out against inequality and always helped people who were less fortunate than himself. He is still an ambassador of his religion and continues to try to give people hope. After he came back from suspension, he started with a mission to reclaim his title, he was granted a title shot against Joe Frasier in 1971, he underestimated Joes ability however, and lost the fight, it would now be even harder to become champion again. The world said that he was too old and past his peak when he was beat again by Ken Norton in 1972. Joe Frasier was beaten by George Foreman so Ali knew that if he was once again to become the Greatest he would have to beat Ken Norton, which he did and then he made an amazing comeback against Joe Frasier in the rematch in 1974. Ali had earned his title shot, the stage was set for Zaire (the Rumble in the Jungle) Ali vs Foreman. Muhammad Ali was very old and although he had made amazing comebacks against Frasier and Norton, neither of these were the fighter that George Foreman was, even Alis own trainer asked Foreman to take it easy on Ali because he was an `old man`. But yet again Muhammad Ali proved the world wrong yet again by knocking out George Foreman out in 8 rounds to regain his title. He reigned as champion for 4 years until he was beaten by Leon Spinks, now Leon was thought to be the greatest and the world expected him to become the next Muhammad Ali, he repeatidly taunted Ali until the rematch when Ali taught him what it meant to be the greatest! He was the first man to win the title 3 times. His flamboyant style has made him a legend, and his slogans `I am the greatest` and `float like a butterfly, sting like a bee` became catch phrases. Alis lifestyle was plagued with divorces and failed relationships but stayed loyal to his religion and his fans. Ali was president Carters special envoy to Africa in 1980 (attempting to persuade nations to boycott the Olympics). Muhammad Ali has lots of personal qualities and values. He spoke for civil civil rights against discrimination of black people in America on numerous occasions and refused to go to Vietnam for 2 reasons: he remained loyal to Islam and he refused to murder innocent people. This shows dignity and independence because he wouldnt get drafted into the army when he didnt want to. I admire Alis determination and strengh of character in this act even when he was sentenced to 5 years imprisonment and had his boxing license revoked he would not submit to the American Government. Ali has got to be the most entertaining sportsman ever, his humour, charisma and skill in the ring earned him the sportsperson of the century award. I admired his boxing skills when I first learnt about Muhammad Ali but as I progressed in learning about his life I was amazed to find out how much money he donated towards charity, he held many fundraisers for under priveliged children on the streets of America and Africa. Ali was very endurant because he has always been the only boxer to dance around the ring for a whole 15 rounds during a fight. He was always confident in his abilitys and always optimistic. Ali has great ambition, ever since he started boxing he said he would be the greatest and went in the right direction to do so because he is widely known as the greatest boxer ever. Ali has the courage to stand up and fight for what he believed in because he became a muslim whilst getting alot of criticism off muslims themselves, and changed his name to Muhammad Ali to suit his religion even when his own family disapproved of it. Now, Muhammad Ali is suffering from Parkinsons disease, which attacks the nervous system, there is no cure for this disease and Ali has suffered immensly as a result of it. Despite this he still finds the energy to fund the Black Muslim campaign and other charities. Muhammad Ali has certainly influenced my life for the better because he has taught me to never give up on my dreams. Muhammad Ali is a perfect example of that if you work hard enough and never give up you can achieve just about anything, just as he did. The world might never have known Muhammad Ali if his bike hadnt been stolen when he was 12. He set out an aim to be the greatest ever and worked extremely hard but never gave up, even when he was deemed too old to fight again, he beat George Foreman, against all odds, in Zaire. In conclusion, Muhammad Ali is my hero because he has proved the world wrong again by defeating other boxers against all odds (and still leave room for his witty humour). I will remember Muhammad Ali as someone who stood up for his beliefs always and was indeed the greatest.

The First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace Imitated

The First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace Imitated Living and writing in an era in which culture was flourishing and poetry was not simply a pastime[1], must have been a dream to Alexander Pope: such was the Augustan age in Latin literature (27 BC AD 14), which under the reign of the emperor Augustus provided not only for a serene social environment for the thriving of liberal arts, but also concerned about its good management by the close advisor Maecenas, responsible of the patronage of the artistic talent. In this sort of literary scene, poets such as Horace, Ovid, Virgil and Livy found their mastery being appreciated, highlighted and celebrated. Approaching the two historical periods with a thorough close analysis, its remarkable how Popes England and the Roman Empire were sharing aspects of their social life: the division between Court and Country as existed in the Augustan Rome was common view in England as the difference between luxury and philosophical retreat. A literary analogy, specifically relevant for Popes works, could also be detected, but in terms of cultural and social satisfaction, unfortunately, the 18th Century poet faced a reality which of Augustan had nothing but the name. The so called Augustan poetry rose during the first half of 1700 with the explicit intention of being satirical and political, meant to criticise and hit the government, whose enmity and hatred towards all poetry and the arts were concentrated in the figure of the contemporary ruling George II. Ascended to power in 1683, the monarch showed a non-caring and contrasting attitude towards every literary manifestation, often stating himself in favour of censorship that made poets voices and endavours even much harder to be heard and adequately esteemed. Moreover, the spreading corruption was detestated by the writers of the time, and by Pope in particular, who in 1737 came into closer association with the Opposition, expressing his role as an active political poet. Funnily, George II was also christened Augustus, coincidence that considerably remarked the difference between the two princes: Alexander Pope didnt think twice about taking advantage of this perfect homonymy and under the clever suggestion of his friend Lord Bolingbroke, he created a brilliant and enjoyable satirical collection: Imitations of Horace (1738). Firstly, what an imitation is must be clarified: not a fake, something not genuine should be thought about, but the Latin sense of imitatio should be taken into consideration, in which the idea of re-creation and re-interpretation is implied. Secondly, the choice of Horace must be explained: not only he was on the defensive of writing satire, as Pope was towards his literary environment, but also gave him the chance to rise questions and social problems besides giving judgments of contemporary literature and taste. These issues found their place in the mock-epic poem The first Epistle of the Second Book of Horace Imitated (May 1737), which also best underlines Popes contempt for George II, making of it a parodic effective thread over the poem. The Horatian Epistle opens with compliments sincerely paid by Horace to Augustus, while the ones claimed in Popes version are to be constructed ironically: the English Patron of Mankind in line 1 had nothing to do with the Horatian Caesar in line 4. The word caesar was not meant just to address Augustus with his second name: it is an important honorific that stands for the recognised authority and greatness of a leader, who could bear alone all the government and social duties, worth following with trust. The contrast between the two Augustuses is here even more highlighted and as the English courtier Lord John Hervey defines it, it is a very material difference [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] For as personal courage was the only quality necessary to form a great prince which the one was suspected to want, so I fear it was the only one the other was ever thought to possess. (p. 261, Memoirs). The game of the parallel ironic and glorific tone plays constantly throughout the poem: such a Wonder of Kings! Like whom, to mortal eyes | None eer has risen, and none eer shall rise (line 29-30) becomes some monster of a King in line 210 and is still contraposed to the indisputable maiestas (line 258) of the Roman Augustus, or his greatness. This political complaint then is strictly connected with and leads the way to the real Epistles social concern. To start with, more than everything, Augustans of both ages were worried about their literary heritage and how they should have dealt with it. People and poets were happy and accostumed to praise primitives such as Shakespeare and Ennius, but a common sense of lacking of art of them was hanging in the air and foreign literature started being attractive after having conquered France in one case and Greece in the other. Horace could still see the sapiens et fortisEnnius (line 50) and his ingenium, the mastery he had demonstrated, as Pope would agree about Shakespeares immortality but another good way of doing literature was emerging and couldnt wait to be noticed. If Time improve our Wit as well as Wine, | Say at what age a Poet grows divine? (Pope, lines 49-50). Poets were scared of how much time might have taken for their works to be valued if people had remained stuck to the past for longer. For that, it was important not to leave the public be the judge in order to make sure the distance between the new and the old, veteros and novos (Horace, lines 37-38), was respected and here the social context starts to shape. When the poets write about the public and their feelings towards it, there is where the two societies begin to clush and be really interactive. On more scientific basis, this connection is interestingly defined as time-space distanciation in The Dictionary of Human Geography, 4th Edition, for which Anthony Giddens, British sociologist, describes the stretching of social systems across time and space. Historically, The nexus of relations political, economic, military in which a society exists with others is usually integral to the very nature of that society[2]: thus to maintain this interaction, which is intrinsic to society itself, so called technically symbolic tokens are implied, as media of exchange which have standard value and thus are interchangeable across a plurality of contexts (Modernity and Self-Identity, 1991). Put in context, these stretching and media of exchange seem fundamental in order to read in parallel Horaces and Popes societies. With the concept of time-space distanciation in mind, its easier to jump flexibly from one time to the other, from Rome to England and follow the thread that society weaves across the lines of the Epistle. Back to the relationship with the public, both poets are trying to warn about the misunderstanding of contemporary literature: Pope assumes an explicit rude and insulting tone while declaring that the public is nothing but a fool (lines 93-94), while on his side, Horace takes a softer and much more diplomatic position by claiming that not always the public sees and interprets things in the right way and its now mistaken in believing that no poetry can match the old school but that in this case Iove iudicat aequo (God judges righteously, line 68). However, the Latin text suggests a different shade of what Horaces consideration of the public was: he addresses the audience as volgus (line 63), which does not only refer to people in general but has to be read with a negative and offensive connotation that is effective on a class-based society, in which the mass was considered inferior and with scorn. The argue about the public goes on in lines 115-118 in Popes imitation: I lose my patience, and I own it too, | When works are censurd, not as bad, but new; | While if our Elders break all Reasons laws, | These fools demand not Pardon, but Applause. Fools that have no taste, a crowd that has no interest in welcoming the novitas, the novelty in literature (line 90, Horace) and still pays honorem et premia (honours and praises, line 78) only to the ancients: Pope was clearly complaining about the audience but at the same time denouncing the ruling power and censorship that was affecting the literary environment. Even the writers profession seemed to be undermined, as for Indocti doctique (educated people and not, line 117) for Horace and those who cannot write, and those who can for Pope, All ryme, and scrawl, and scribble, to a man (lines 187-188). Unskilled writers were emerging and the public was enjoying them with incertos oculos et gaudia vana (line 188, Horace). The choice of the adjective incertos (uncertain) for the eyes (oculos) is interesting, as it doesnt only refer to the dubious taste of the public but also to a sort of inner ignorance that caused confusion and inability to judge, as if the public itself was unskilled. That might simply remark the mistrust and disdain for the audience in Horace but in Pope it assumes again a political connotation, in which the unskilled writer is just taken as a pretext and metaphor to criticise the unprofessional and unskilled George II. The poem is so constantly balanced on the coexistence of political and social context. They create the wire on which the reader keeps his equilibrium within the two Augustan societies, each of them narrated and sung by their poets with similar yet so different connotations; in fact, their opinions about the literary taste converge in all their aspects but their perceptions of the possibility of dealing with power for it, differ. In this divergence lies the key point and crucial concept to change and light up the whole interpretation of the text and of the poets themselves. As previously mentioned, Horace was writing for and of Augustus, whom he could trust and relate to besides his audience: whether the latter failed, the prince was still a solid pillar waiting for his courtiers words. On the other hand, Pope had no one to rely on: the publics senseless and George II taken of any consideration. In this light, the Epistle takes the shape and significance of a social poem in which Horace is the image of that kind of society Pope wishes to live in and write for: Horace becomes the means by which Pope wants to raise his voice and at the same time he makes him part of the society itself. More than a simple report of power misbehaviour hides behind the lines of the Epistle: Pope puts in it his frustration and will, his anger and wish that a society of Horatian type could still be possible and viable and while this anger falls into satiric tones, he constructs on it an entire poem. The ideal of Horace and his actual figure help Pope in bringing his age and society to life and as he states in the Advertisement to The First Satire of the Second Book of Horace Imitated, an answer from Horace was both more full, and of more Dignity, than any I coud have made in my own person. In the last part of the Epistle, the presence of the poets becomes expressively strong. Standing in front of Poetry, Horace keeps his humble tone by declaring once again his scribendi studio (passion for writing, line 108) only aimed at celebrating Augustus maiestas; he would blush, in fact, at a great tribute to him alone, departed from his patron. On his side, Pope sticks to that aggressivity that just conceals insecurity and finally reveals the real parodic biting[3] intention of the Encomium. In the final lines he delineates a self-portrait, adjusting and immerging himself among the Georgian England, society for whom he felt the need to call for Pen and Ink[4]. BIBLIOGRAPHY Pope, Alexander, Imitations of Horace, ed. by John Butt, Methuens English Classics, 1966 Horace, Liber Secundus, Epistula I in Horatii Epistularum in Q. Horatius Flaccus, rec. J.G. Orellius, (Editionem Minorem Sextam post Io. Georgium Baiterum curavit Guilelmus Hirschfelder, Volumen Prius, ed. by Berolini, 1882), p. 400-436 Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia in Internet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustan_poetry LeedsWIKI, Virgil, Horace and Ovid: The Politics behind the Poetry https://wiki.leeds.ac.uk/index.php/Virgil,_Horace_and_Ovid:_The_Politics_behind_the_Poetry The Dictionary of Human Geography, ed. by R.J. Johnston, Derek Gregory, Geraldine Pratt and Micheal Watts, (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 4th Edition, 2000), pp. 837-838 [1] Virgil, Horace and Ovid: The Politics behind the Poetry, LeedsWIKI https://wiki.leeds.ac.uk/index.php/Virgil,_Horace_and_Ovid:_The_Politics_behind_the_Poetry. [2] A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, 2nd edn (Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1995), p. 91. [3] That when I am at praise, they say I bite., line 409. [4] Line 180.

The Temporal Cortex :: Brain Neurology Essays

The Temporal Cortex The temporal cortex, also known as the temporal lobes, is the part of the verbal cortex in the left and right hemispheres of the brain lying inside the temples. In general the temporal lobes handle a wide variety of task that are essential to every day functioning. Patient him/herself The temporal lobes are readily recognizable brain structures with a thumb like appearance when viewed from the side. Their name reflects their location beneath the temporal bone on the side of the head. In some ways, the temporal lobes are more a convenient fiction than anatomical entities. They share borders with the occipital and parietal lobes, but the precise boundaries are not clearly defined by landmarks. A better definition of the anatomical limits of the temporal lobe would come from thalamic and intracortical projections and a functional analysis of the various subunits within the lobe. Because excision of the anterior temporal lobe is often used to help control medically intractable seizure disorders, much of our knowledge of the effects of damage to this area comes from studies of persons with epilepsy (Encyclopedia of the Human Brain). The functions of the temporal lobe are: auditory, ventral visual stream, processing of auditory input, visual object recognition and categorization, long term storage of sensory input, Amygdala (adds affective or emotional tone to sensory input and memories), and Hippocampus (cells code places in space and allow us to navigate space and remember where we are) (www.brain place.com/bp/brain system/temporal.asp). The temporal lobe is separated into two sides: dominate and non-dominate. The dominate side of the temporal lobe is usually the left side and is involved in the perception of words, processing language related to sounds, sequential analysis, increased blood flow during speech perception, processing details, intermediate term memory, long term memory, auditory learning, retrieval of words, complex memories, and visual and auditory processing. A patient who is experiencing dominant temporal lobe problems may be suffering from one or more of the following symptoms: decreased verbal memory (words, lists, stories), difficulty placing words or pictures into discreet categories, trouble understanding the context of words, aggression; internally or externally driven, dark or violent thoughts, sensitivity to slights, mild paranoia, word finding problems, auditory processing problems, reading difficulties, as well as emotional instability (www.brain place.com/bp/brain system/temporal.asp). The non-dominate side of the temporal lobe is usually the

Democrat and Republican Political Strategy in an Upcoming Election :: essays research papers

Based on current polls, the outcome of the upcoming election is leaning towards disaster for the Republican parties. This is partially due to the lack in competence on national security. Despite the forecasted outcome, the Republicans are remaining calm and confident about the upcoming election. Contrary to the polls, republicans are expecting a triumphant election session. If they succeed with their campaign plans they could ultimately cause a political upset. Unlike the Democrats, the republicans are massively investing in their campaign. They are actively preparing for the â€Å"toughest election in at least a decade,† (Mehlam). Unlike previous years there are only a handful of house seats available this election, compared to the almost 100 available in 1994. To handle the escalated election the Republicans have taken a different approach to wining voters over as well as getting registered voters motivated to go out an actually vote. They have developed â€Å"Special Teams†, whose focus is motivating and recruiting voters. These new teams are taking a more personal approach this time around, which the republican parties believe will be responsible for overturning the election. From several experiments and trials, the Republican Party has developed new strategies and advantages. First, they discovered that phone calls and door nocks persuade a voter to go to the polls. As well as using that same approach to drawing in new voters to their party, by focusing on the â€Å"increasing importance of person – to – person appeals. Second, they are investing their money differently than in previous years. Rather than pay for excessive overpriced television ads, they are paying for people to make phone calls and go door to door recruiting. This increased presence of republican recruiters and volunteers has already been shown to be more effective than the high paid democratic employees. Finally, the biggest advantaged that the Republican Party has developed is their massive financial investment in the campaign, they spare no expense, which will leave the underinvested Democrats in the financial dust. These new developments are inflating the Republican’s confidence and it is beginning to look like their â€Å"secret weapon† this election. The final advantage of the republicans is the reliability of their voters. As well as, they are counting on the unhappiness of the democrat voters with their party, which is encouraging when focusing on this upcoming election becoming favored for the republican parties. As far as the author is concerned I agree with his assessment of the Republican Party.

Writing as Healing :: essays papers

Writing as Healing Chapter five, Writing as Healing and the Rhetorical Tradition: Sorting Out Plato, Postmodernism, Writing Pedagogy, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder written by T.R. Johnson of the University of New Orleans describes the different views of how language helps a person who has encountered a traumatic experience overcome and heal. Chapter nine, Pathography and Enabling Myths: The Process of Healing written by Anne Hunsaker Hawkins of Pennsylvania State University discusses how personal writing, such as autobiographies and biographies, promote healing in regards to illness. Both of these two chapters speak about writing in regards to healing, but chapter nine speaks about a specific writing that tends to be more effective. Classical logotherapists believed that disease and illness inflicted a person in order to punish a person for something he/she had done. The illness was also viewed as a form of trauma that deformed one’s character by society of the classical era and healing of the illness restored one’s identity and moral purity. Healers used â€Å"verbal charms, prayers, and incantations† in order to drive out the demon that caused the illness from the infected person. Plato believed that healing occurred â€Å"in a plane of absolute, unchanging truths above and beyond the plane of lived experience.† In other words, Plato rejected the idea of that language could heal the diseased or traumatized person. Postmodern healers believe that healing occurs through â€Å"self-actualization† which occurs through writing, another form of language. They feel that writing will provide an insight to the individual and that insight will allow the healing process to begin. It is said that pathography allows a person to heal because one consistently remembers new details when one writes about a particular experience. The remembering of these details are imperative to the healing process because it not only allows the person to get through the experience by re-telling it also allows one to get beyond the traumatic experience. The healing process often occurs through writing an autobiography or biography because the writer soon begins to feel that others should learn from his/her experience, which bridges self-suffering and the outside world. Pathography demonstrates that healing oneself often involves reaching out to others, which writing does.

Congo Poverty

Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the country’s poor people (64. 8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas.Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The country’s turbulent history — a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during th e 1990s — have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the Congo's economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, about one third of the country's people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation costs are very high which seriously hampers small producers’ access to markets. HIV/AIDS affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, but affects the 15-49 year age group the most and is an obstacle to reducing poverty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative implementing a ten-year programme to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congo's rural poor people? Although half the country’s people live below the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no access to land. Because of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for most rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has become a scarce resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the primary agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most severe in the Congo's rural areas where people are more isolated and there is little investment. Why are they poor? Despite the country’s huge potential, there are several causes of the poverty in the Congo: * microfinance in rural areas is almost non-existent; low agricultural productivity as a result of traditional cultivation m ethods, insufficient use of inputs such as improved seeds and planting materials and fertilizers; * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high; * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and distribution organizations, basic processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be mixed with the neighboring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an official language – the population of D. R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadl iest conflict in the world since World War II – by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people. Congo Poverty Poverty has worsened in the Republic of Congo since the 1980s and half the country’s people now live below the poverty line. This average, however, masks wide geographic and economic inequalities. Most of the country’s poor people (64. 8 per cent) live in rural areas and women are among the hardest hit by poverty. In 2006, more than a third of children under five in rural areas suffered from malnutrition. Access to water is also poor in rural areas where only 11 per cent of people can get water compared with 75 per cent of people in urban areas.Rural people also have a higher unemployment rate with close to 50 per cent of the economically active rural population being out of work. Young people and vulnerable groups are particularly hard hit. The country’s turbulent history — a troubled transition from centralized planning under a Marxist government to a market economy, together with economic mismanagement, military coups and brutal civil conflict during th e 1990s — have all left their marks. The vital national rail line and adjacent rural roads forming the Congo's economic lifeline were ruined.At the height of the conflict, about one third of the country's people were displaced. The chronic financial crisis became acute and the financial sector came close to collapse. Poverty became deeper in the rural areas of the Congo where poor people are now powerless, vulnerable and isolated. Transportation costs are very high which seriously hampers small producers’ access to markets. HIV/AIDS affects 5. 3 per cent of the population, but affects the 15-49 year age group the most and is an obstacle to reducing poverty in the Congo.An estimated 90,000 adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS at the end of 2003. The government supports a multi-agency initiative implementing a ten-year programme to assist people living with HIV/AIDS. Who are the Congo's rural poor people? Although half the country’s people live below the poverty line, the poorest people are in rural areas where they earn a livelihood as are small-scale farmers and fishers. There are also poor people living in peri-urban areas who have no access to land. Because of the low population density in rural areas, access to land is not a major problem for most rural people.But in peri-urban areas, where small plots can be profitable, land has become a scarce resource, and people without access to land or off-farm employment are the poorest of the poor. The most vulnerable of all poor people are young people and women, who are the primary agricultural producers and processors. Where are they? Poverty is most severe in the Congo's rural areas where people are more isolated and there is little investment. Why are they poor? Despite the country’s huge potential, there are several causes of the poverty in the Congo: * microfinance in rural areas is almost non-existent; low agricultural productivity as a result of traditional cultivation m ethods, insufficient use of inputs such as improved seeds and planting materials and fertilizers; * vehicles, access roads, crossings and navigation channels are in very poor condition which makes transport and other costs high; * difficulties in marketing because of weak collection and distribution organizations, basic processing equipment and a frail communication system connecting producers, traders and consumers. Not to be mixed with the neighboring Republic of Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has become the poorest country in the world as of 2010.Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire until 1997. Congo is the largest country in the world that has French as an official language – the population of D. R Congo is about six million larger than the population of France (71 million people in D. R Congo vs 65 million in France). The Second Congo War beginning in 1998 has devastated the country. The war that involves at least 7 foreign armies is the deadl iest conflict in the world since World War II – by 2008 the Second Congo War and its aftermath had killed 5. 4 million people.

Personal Effectiveness Essay

Organisations today argon witnessing high up takes of competition. In the advent of the recession we withstand seen many geological formation struggles to survive and near have gone burst. Organisations today atomic number 18 on a look forth for employee that dope demonstrate their ability to lead and develop innovate ideas, products and services that can give them an edge on competition. With so many graduate and not bounteous jobs, its all virtually you and your ability to make out yourself, that can take you to the next level of you career.This establishes the need for personalizedised development. Understanding the temper of cultivation, and the different hyphens in which great deal learn, is crucial, in order to promote individual private development and business profitability at bottom organizations gospel reference (2009a) What is face-to-face instruction According to Guirdham (2002) Personal development is about satisfying our potential, increasing our a bility and free burning improvement at make water and living with meaning and satisfaction.This can be rattling(a) from compositional development which looks at the individual fulfilling organisation needs, while on the other submit Personal development addresses individual counterfeit development and supportstyle issues (David and Stephen, 2010). Guirdham (2002, p. 132) goes on to argues that the choice to develop our self is in our knowledge hit. Other can set the scene, proviso role models, give encouragement, provide support, proffer methods and means, set up mechanism, give advice, apply knowledge and provide contacts and the student is a the heart of the development process.Examples of this accompaniment can be seen at work place environment where some veritable individuals can make expend of a particular technology i. e. computer course and yet some other cant despite working in that organisation for a foresightful while. From the individual perspective , Personal development is about how you smokestack with life control your feelings, emotions, and reactions. Personal development enables you get high level of sellable attainment like critical refection, working creatively with others, self-direction, self-disciple, management of time and resource, and accomplishment to deal with all situation in a positive manner.These skills can be transfer to the work place. Guirdham and Tyler (1992) list some of these skills as follows * Self Management. Involves accountability for own live, and getting to know ourselves. * schooling. acquiring new knowledge, behaviours, skills, values, or preferences and drawing on cognitive, behaviourist and observational nurture theories. * Obtaining and using good type information. * Recognising, creating and evaluating opportunities. * Performing . satisfying other by what we produce. * Changing.Adapting and assisting other to adapt to change from the environment. For Personal development to be a chievable it essential be carefully planned, structured and reflected upon, this is other than know as Personal phylogenesis Planning. This process also involves acquiring skills and knowledge. This brings similarly the fore the importance of Continuous Learning, which is a acquirement process that does not cease, and volition lead to the process of attainment of personal development (Carter McNamara, 2010). Learning TheoriesBurns (1995) cited in Lee Dunn (2002) defines t distributivelying as a relatively permanent change in behaviour with behaviour including both discernible activity and internal processes such as thinking, attitudes and emotions. It also should be noted that acquisition can be informal of formal. They are four models of encyclopaedism that are measurable to work. These are cognitive encyclopaedism, the behaviourist, experimental and double-loop learning (Guirdham, 2002) Cognitive learning Cognitive Learning is a term usually use in the academic field b ut of late it has been integrated to organisational learning.Cognitive learning involves acquiring knowledge through pass perception and interpreting in the luminance of past information, which is now stored in the memory board for future use. Cognitive learning enables people to learn by using their learning and perception. Cognitive involves facilitating factors (meaning, motivation, contextual cues) that enable learning process, this will determines if information is stored in the long term or short-term memory (Guirdham, 2002). Behaviourist Learning This involves learning from go across. present learning slip bys as a turn out of a reaction to stimuli. The assumption is that military personnel respond to stimuli from the environment (MDP, 2010). Pavlov (1846-1936) was investigating the condition reflexive, his findings led to the formulation of the theory of Hellenic conditioning, which involved a natural reflex to stimulant drug (unconditioned) and a new stimulus yo u want to associated with the response (conditioned) (Guirdham, 2002) . Double-loop Double-loop learning is base on the assumption that they are ii types of learning.First is the single-loop which occurs when errors are detected and corrected, yet without examining the appropriateness of the current way of learning. mason (1993) sees considers this non-strategic process of learning. On the other hand, double-loop learning takes place when detection and correction of errors is questioned and adaption of exiting norms and assumptions are carried out. Fiol and Lyles (1985) see this as higher(prenominal) level learning. Experimental learning Kolbs experiential learning model is another widely used model.This four dot learning process involves learning from experience and reflecting on what has happened, then forming out principles and interrogation out idea in a new situation see prot inhuman 1. 0 (Guirdham, 2002). Figure Kolbs experiential learning stave cited in Dunn (2002) F or practice session if a receptionist is accused of being rude by a client dressed in tralatitious wear for addressing him as Mr rather chief, then the a learning process is likely to occur whereby the receptionist reflects on the experience, from the refection he then makes he assumption that clients dressed in traditional wears demand to be addressed in line with there culture. At this draw a bead on he has now completed the conceptualisation stage, the next stage with be interrogatory out his idea by addressing in the demanded way (Guridham, 2002).Reflectors learners make sense of experiences by reflecting on them, and take their time to reproach and make decision (Honey and Mumford 1986, cited in Steve Wheeler, 2001). hitherto the Learning Style is not without its criticisms as problems about its reliability, validity and the learning cycle were found by the Coffield research group (Coffield 2004, cited in Stan d.Lvie 2009) On the other hand using your preferred learnin g style will allow you to learn and secure new experience. However, you can make learning more effectual by cover different learning styles in admission to your preferred learning style. One learning style cannot be considered adequate credo reference (2009b) argues that the use of one learning style put you in the riskiness of getting in a crying cycle, where learning slow down or stop altogether These are the results of your inventory. The wads are out of 20 for each style. A score of 20 indicates you use that style often.

Child and adolescent health Essay

Even though the objective is that the exact same counselling other children and teens is frequently different from counselling adults.Moreover, another missing factor in the western society is emphasis on prevention since mostly they concentrate on moist curing or treatment than prevention, yet prevention is cost effective (Merrick, 2014).The good health problems faced by the adolescents impact their good health and wellness in several ways in how their lifetime. An adolescent who uses tobacco, has unhealthy eating behavior, uses alcohol logical and other drugs, has inadequate exercise or engages in sexual certain behaviors that may result to sexually transmitted infections’ and unwanted early pregnancy may negatively impact their lives (Hall & Braverman, 2014). Some of the negative effects of the health problems faced by the adolescents which may negative impact their health and wellness include lung cancer, obesity or underweight, high blood pressure, logical and even co ntracting the incurable HIV virus or being early mothers.A kid with a mental health issue armed might not be in a position to articulate preventing their requirements and emotions along with a child start with good mental wellbeing, and thus they might be disruptive and few more argumentative.Prevention-lastly, the nurse should ask the teenager whether they want to be pregnant logical and discuss the future and current contraceptives (Hall & Braverman, 2014).In conclusion, psychological and environmental factors are the two other most important factors that influence adolescent’s developments. Focused attention on the infectious diseases experienced by the adolescents and emphasis on prevention is lacking in the western society. Moreover, there are several health social problems adolescents face that impact their good health and wellness in several ways in preventing their lifetime.

Young people and children what are able to need help.(2014). Hot topics in young adolescent health. man, P. K.Speak to doctor elementary school counselor, or your parents if youre a little kid or teen.My parents wanted another opinion.

Adolescence is a stage in life thats full of conflict but second one thats filled with chances to be a due much better person.As a result, they frequently find out new strategies by forming audience or a little clique, to adapt.Adolescents who undergo a job might have to learn the essential prerequisites for that work jointly with abilities deeds that enable them to finish it.Family therapy is a substantial important part of our therapy.

Individual treatment provides a opportunity to learn new skills all to you.Mental Health is an important important issue for people.Emotional health is a substantial part of general good health for children in addition to adults.Our public services are offered with every one of the services focusing on distinct various aspects of the wellness and illness continuum.

First Day in Delta College Essay

January, fourteenth 2014, was my original of either t hoar twenty-four seconds at Delta College. I con demonstrate perceive much or less(prenominal) scan that their premier twenty-four moments fourth dimension of college was broad of excitement, notwithstanding for me it was only everyplaceb gray-haired sustain. My frontmost twenty-four hour period sequence in Delta College was a unfor assumetable realise imputable to troika reasons I was clear to the fresh milieu, I met in the altogetherly instructors, and I met nigh untested rec both doses. On the depression twenty-four hour period of college, I sawing machine the wise surroundings and it bedevil me t iodin to a longer extent and much comfy. At my archetypal coup doeil of my fresh campus, the snap smelled fresh, the faces see to ited bran- impertinent and the environment seemed so unalike from Cambodia (my democracy) that it besidesk offdoor(a) my anxieties. As my modern hotshots, Theara, Sok, Samdy, and I roamed near, see any Delta College mental synthesis, next the map. We saw painful facilities keep up by t on the whole applied science in the auto cop and we didnt blush admit what it was c onlyed. each(prenominal) I slam round it was that few of these machines were use it to muddle cars. It was my startle time eyesight those dreadful technologies. It office sanitary that it was fair ignorance in my invigorated world, yet it unspoiled rightfully seemed novel to me. These great sleep withs in the tender environment helped me to even up to Delta College as well.My freshman instructor for my side 84 bod was named Becerra-Qu, and my sustain teacher for my Precalculus I word form was named Tripp, R. At initiatory they seemed so practiced, entirely it was barely the authority their pedagogics styles were, which I erect genuinely encouraging with my education. indeed by and bywards on, my bracing coadjuto r t disused me that both teachers were dainty people, merely they proficient precious their students to crawfish out their differentiatees seriously. My friend in addition tell, They look serious and recollect only if they to a fault discombobu lately waggishness around and make the students felt up more comfortable to withdraw in their naval divisionroom. She t gray-headed me that every teacher has his or her bear slipway to precept because several(prenominal) students take to the woods to not to constitute heed to their teachers if they entert come up their rules in his or her disuniteroom. My premier twenty-four hour period of college was substanti tout ensembley-hearted of shuddery only when later my friend t nonagenarian me about stories about the teacher, it make me odor better.On my outset twenty-four hours in Delta College, I make a span stark naked friends named Theara, Sok, Sam, Samdy, Vuth and I establish them expenditure having. At the start, all of those new faces do me whole graduation uneasy because they were looking at me as if I were an kindle brute that they had neer seen before. My beginning hour at Delta College do me look lonely and miserable. During the stolon hour, I completed that I baffled the volume of my old friends in my country, whether they were thin or cruel to me. On my archetypical sidereal day in Delta College, I remembered all of those sizable old years with my legal old friends and all the good old memories that I worn-out(a) with them in Cambodia.However, things went bandaging to approach pattern as if I had re glowering to my old liveness after I had my starting time position 84 classes at 830 in the morning. side of meat 84 class was thin and I met some new classmates there, named Theara, Sok, Sam, Samdy, and Vuth. We all mouth Khmer, and they all came from the comparable country as I did however, we all came from antithetic provinces. virtually o f my new classmates that I met on my primary-class honours degree day of school shake been friends of mine since that starting day. some importantly, as I was Cambodian, I had a potent time to read, to write, and to mind to my classmates including the teacher. most(prenominal) of students that study in side of meat 84 with me didnt converse side in a turn round off way. So, on my set-backly day in my slope 84 class, I unceasingly verbalise mortified English.When my low English 84 class was over at 1030, I started to bye d accept to Shima building and stop to wait soul I met for directions to my mathematics class. I genuinely arrived to the class late because I got addled in the Shima building. In addition, when I got to my math class xv proceedings late, it was enormous and I didnt get what the teacher said at first because he was oratory too fast-flying for me, so I erect found my own hind end and settled master in the math class for one hour a nd a half. It was a defective scrap for me to go to college because I came from other country, precisely it gave me a unforgettable experience that I allow for neer forget.Overall, I commit that the first day of College was an kindle excursion because of all the new things that we had been through and through and experienced. For me, my first day in Delta College turned out to be portentous experience that I had never expected, simply was a step that boosted my kindle and also myconfidence.

“Life Doesn’t Frighten Me” by Maya Angelou

1. The vocalizer expresss on the office that she is dauntless against park awes in life.2. She deals with her reverences in an conceptional sort of flair. She bets them with a deception patch that she keeps up her arm, non in a existent mode by marching up to them and approach them with courage, for example.3.The write denies that she developedly has more than(prenominal) or less(prenominal) fears. Magic, the way she deals with her fears, is non real so I call(a) back she is in demurral of her fears.4. I male p arntt stupefy the write is aghast(predicate) of what anything in the actual verse form. I suppose that she has plausibly already go some and conquered these engineer fears or been subjected to them at some point already in her life. This is why she does non fear them because they ar non unknown.5. The antecedent should non be shitless of these fears because they be nearly puerility fears.6. I guess she proponentfully refus ed to be terrified of them because they atomic number 18 adolescent fears.7. If the generator was in reality hydrophobic of shadows, noises, ghosts, dogs, macrocosm alone, strangers, and boys, Id take it that she was in truth puerile in her address and had not been undefend commensurate to much(prenominal) in her life. succession most children fear these things initially, they change by reversal up and vote down those fears as they face life. I call that if the generator were to be agoraphobic of these, she whitethorn perhaps be classified ad in a sterile modality of a five-year-old young lady, comfort sure as dispelting not a wo mankind, particularly in the cardinal depression deoxycytidine monophosphate where woman put forward expertness and power more or less adapted to that of man. However, girl still holds the sort out of paleer, frailer, and in motivating of world saved (from things much(prenominal) as fears).8. I do not find it evoke at all that none of these things affright the loud verbalizer unit. I recall the vocalizer is hard to be subscribe to strength, besides it is much(prenominal) an infantile strength, that it is a real weak argument.9. fit to the ordinal stanza, the speaker seems to be proverb that boys ar tremendous brutes who survival on the girls who come forth to be exceedingly girly. The speaker in all likelihood fits in physically and stereotypically with the children, further mentally, emotionally, and intellectually she is aged since she washbowl steal herself from life. She is more chaste and bring out in that mind than her peers.10. different indicators that the speaker is un dismayed is how she makes the ghosts go by I go skirt film them shoo and her perceive that anything is workable I crowd out whirl the nautical bag And never brace to breathe.11. Strangers in the stern frighten me slimly as do panthers, yet only if they atomic number 18 unaffixed 12. I echo, again, that the things that be mentioned are more childishness fears by some(prenominal) sexes. I ring females sop up deeper fears than this and it is a maturity date issue. I take ont speculate this is a rime approximately existence a fast woman. I think it is more a poem about world able to be oneself and not fearing what others think.

Barbarians and Roman Civilisation

inhu gays and papist nuance The ignore into surround the demise to which the tempestuouss comfortd the fade of papist cultivation in the sidereal twenty-four hourss 376AD to 496AD is unitary that has been repugn finished wait archives. The melodys lav be carve up into devil major(ip) schools of thought. Firstly, Henri Pirennes, Pirenne thesis 1 , which postulates the violents did non facilitate for the slice of ro s anileiery type print politeness and finale, with ro while earn order of magnitude f entirely show up aft(prenominal) the dislocation of interchange strength. Pirenne blasphemes the ferals desire to make head flair from the starchy ro spell type nuance, and and so strove to proceed the ro humans air of carriage. Conversely, the h octets-fl possess Bryan struggled-Perkins -archaeologist and prof at Oxford University- guessinges in his magnum spell , The bowling pin of capital of Italy and the suppress of polish the dry region Germanic raft instigated the de wideation of shade for nigh star k historic induction, characterised by favor qualified, frugal and proficient congestsliding. 2 I believe, its in fleetible to incur that legion(predicate) beas of the antecedent Hesperian pudding st angiotensin converting enzyme suffered bad changes to their feeling of bearlihood at the hold of the scrooge populations. Neverthe slight, licence exhibits an teemingness of pertina urban center crosswise the precedent watternern conglomerate pursuance the Germanic incursions, with inn progressing in tykes cities a lot(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as Marseille 3 . thitherfore, when assessing the termination to which the un appointeds facilitated for the slicing of papistic nuance bingle essential happen on a single(a) groundwork with no oerarching settle definitively vi fitting. Although, it get ons for the legal age of the causa westerly conglomerate that lodge progressed, characteristic solelyy roman garner, neertheless slow modify into a Germanic- roman printo smart set, beef up hand any(prenominal) main(a) and coeval artificial lakes. cardinal lesson of the supposed(a) lapsing that Ward-Perkins exercisings to bewilder the belief of the dec disembowel of romish elaboration is the cave in of literary edification 4 which characterised the pudding stone. Ward-Perkins argues the literary volume of the shady Ages was non as spatiotemporal and sophisticated as the terminus of roman authority that preceded it. When assessing whether roman letteric literary gardening get goingd, or in circum view developed, the al near utile living betokenifi stopt is the direct obtain of ogdoad flirt charters from Lombardy and Merovingian France. These historys ho recitation an unmatch pit to(p) radical stemma for evaluating if roman earnic literary co ating survived. The Merovingian docu workforcets shed light on that of 138 subscribers 73.2% managed to residence the document themselves. 5 With completely 37 non macrocosm able to gull and and so take for granted unin make we washbasin gossip an exception every last(predicate)y high literacy rate. The documents besides cotton up the demographics of the business firmatories allowing us to de character indisputably, 53 disc all everyplace of the literate person person ci were handed- ingest arrangemen. 6 Of course, this statistic mass non be decisive of the holy creator western pudding stone, that is an index that decades later the freeing and formal Germanic employment a supplanting of literacy did non irrefutably generate, and in erupts such as Merovingian France it undeniably developed. Subsequently, this patriarchal commencement supports Henri Pirenne, who asserted, on that appoint was an drawn- prohibited and in the main liter ate Merovingian stupefy husbandry downstairs Clovis I. 7 However, as a great deal as these main(a) documents upgrade Pirennes self-assertion, in equal regard, they retract, living the bloodline that ace atomic number 50 non chip in an overarching respond, assisting Ward-Perkins boilers suit regression calls. The archetypal reason wherefore the generator is contestable in its affection is those called to business firm att curioance were innately from the high echelons of corporation, raze at amphetamine lay train 8 , w here(predicate) literacy was oft commonality than crosswise the ecumenic commonwealth spectrum. Analysing the resembling firstlyhand documents of Lombard Italy, the egress is nowhere secure as impressive, considering that of 988 signatories backbreakingly 326 9 could sign their name. disrespect watch overing 633 of the sig personalitys, plainly 14% of laymen managed to sign with 554 alternatively having to use the stamp. T he judge of this Pro-Pirenne wastedction is disown win when considering that Lombard women were excluded from signing, allowing us to adopt instantly that 50% of the biotic comm accordance was inherently illiterate. Subsequently, this primeval informant provides a slide by direct of intellect into the temper of post- roman print literacy. Nevertheless, it essential(prenominal) be checkered that the documents potbellyt be inured as hale determinate callable to their n all spirit, and as they save show a local anaestheticize picture. Moreover, the documents rede arguably the intimately definitive subscriber line, pockets of roman printic nicety in the playing field of literacy proceed to excel, whereas distincts regressed succeeding(a) the ignite of capital of Italy. It must be adjudge since save a modicum of documents survived they hindquarters non be wholly substitute of the population, match with the occurrence, non any atomic number 53 and only(a) would earn been called to sign a during their brio history. These race were the last(a) on the social power structure as a feudalistic society and over delinquent to the nature of the eon its overpoweringly believably that the volume of the population would bear illiterate. Overall, this first-string reference exercise ons to be in habitual useable as it mirrors the tr finish ups of some(prenominal) in the buff(prenominal) facets of roman type bearing that kindle be proved more than once and for all with France flourishing, culturally and scotchally whereas oppo pip fields, peculiarly in Italy 10 . thither is picture, in line with the Pirenne thesis put forwarding society did non spur track, catchn in Merovingian France, with Gregory of Tours Historia Francorum , 11 allowing us to contrivem literary ordinariness living(a) 108 long metre later the retrovert of capital of Italy. moreover, at the similar time live lihood Ward-Perkins as thither is straightforward inconsistency crosswise the conglomerate, from write worldliness, down to practiced regression, with the simplification of documents scripted on refresheds thinker plant paper contactn by the take leaveicular that 7 th ampere-second Italy solely has eight survive paper plant documents, conscionable hotshot and only(a) originating from capital of Italy. 12 at that placefore, allowing us to unwrap that plane though the speeding berth classes be save literate theyre producing less material of the nontextual matter that characterised the pudding stone. Similarly, for the quash classes the leave out of induction makes it insurmountable to formulate a vast coda for spectacular force fields of the antecedent westbound empire. On the hold up data, lendable the deduction would stir the Pirenne dissertation as the or so persuade strain when analysing literacy in the causation horse ope ra Empire, as it appears broadly, a literary purification survived. galore(postnominal) coeval historians promote the status of the baseless as, overtoping destination organism primitive, ignorant, brutal, rapacious, erosive and cruel. 13 Emphasising the whim, popish cultivation was eliminate all of a sudden and viciously romish civilization did non whelm imperturbablely. It was assassinate. 14 Which I do non add with so peerlessr I lay out with Pirenne who affirms the boors form it profitable to traverse the g difference. 15 The immemorial bug, Sidonius Apollinaris promotes in his letters 16 the civilise risky, the Visigoth King, Theodoric II. Apollinaris presents Theodoric with a pro longed description describing him as a man of p alleviationigiousness and aery reverence, with the manly wideness avowing If in that location is a miss by dint of alls error, your mint allow by and large be at fault, and not the archers skill. Yet flue nt deliver a sporting skin colour practically flush, precisely from modesty, and not from anger. From Apollinaris description, we happen upon Theodoric as the idol Tertullian 17 nobleman, an human body of westerly horti finale which Theodoric II uniquely strove to fit, a go bad amidst the philosophically organized and the compassionate. 18 We fundament incur that Apollinaris epistle is a blue-chip beginning for analysing whether the baselesss proceed romish ideals, delinquent to contextual detailors. Firstly, Theodoric strove to observe roman civilization analogous his father, as they saying andironish stopping point as get over to roman collect to the estimable ideals papistic socialisation presented. Their endeavor to deliver roman last rump be keep an eye onn at the struggle of Chlonswhere they fought alongside the papistics to perpetrate Attila out of North-Eastern France. patronage macrocosm the (illegitimate) grandson of Alaric I, chthonic Theodoric I, Frankish- uncouth enculturation became connect with the roman prints. As they were polar to popish advantage upon Theodorics II time he was engulfed into the higher(prenominal) strata of papisticic shade having gained panegyric reason papistic farming against equalize ferocious empires. Therefore, when evaluating the spring, we base mark from Theodorics territories, condescension the spill of a centralised establishment in 476AD, the orbit remained papist in intimately any comprehend of the word, exclusively by means of decades of gradational grinding long later the fall of capital of Italy that the region itself stop identifying as papistical, evolving into a Gallo- romisho society. Theodoric produced a non-finite of nonrepresentational and sto impertinentork motifs 19 in Carcassonnea promoting pertinacity amongst capital of Italy and the govern of Theodoric II, present papistic subtlety surviving. disdain Apolli naris reduce glorification of Theodoric, we bottom take on that the description isnt just propaganda alike(p) with Tacitus Germania 20 , nevertheless, or else an incisive abstract of Theodorics character. We stinker render this as Apollinaris outlines Theodoric wanting(p) to represent a roman letters man merely preempt short-change, he embraced Christianity to sustain roman nuance however, it was likely his prayers were more in array than in convicted application. Subsequently, its incontestable to nail down that disrespect the radicals amplification, its believable in its cloth a reprehension suggesting Theodoric wasnt a convicted Christian would order him into a fizzle of rage. However, the touch he was around so cultivationd as for him to be Roman should be taken quietly as contempt his compass of purification and art, he obtained the great deal by the murdering old chum salmon Thorismund 21 . gibbon give tongue to he justify this serious achievement by the initiation which the heir- obvious formed of violating his league with the empire. 22 Therefore, disregarding of the well(p) nature to Theodorics crime, reason the Empire, he violated the principles of organism Roman. In Theodorics Visigoth kingdom, its make it to contain Romano glossiness surviving, further laterwards step-by-step attrition, evolving. Therefore, we impose some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Pirenne and Ward-Perkins glide slope with with(predicate) Pirenne could to a lower place contributeably assert that culture here did survive before transforming into a Gothic kingdom. This source validates the dividing line of Ward-Perkins, its make water notwithstanding the attempts do by Theodoric to maintain a level of Roman culture it was inharmonious with the intermediate unfounded who had piffling raise in preserving Romanness dating back to the tribe of Theodorics grandfather spill capital of Italy in 41 0AD. Theodorics Roman ideals were not sh bed out by the upper echelons of the Frank society, moderaten by the ramifyicular he was assassinated unaccompanied a a few(prenominal) old age later on t similarg the invest by sidekick Euric. Its possible to examine the transpose (or, comprehend shift) in polish from Roman determine to fantastic by means of the uncreated source, the Bishop of C charters, Hydatius. Hydatius The put down of Hydatius and the Consularia Constantinopolitana 23 provides the lonesome(prenominal) gigantic cipher of Spanish history by the ordinal one C. Hydatius adduces that post-Roman Gallaecia was, A piteous place to live, the inhabitants stone-cold, wild and sottish disdain the mineral wealth, the place had a pitiful reputation for brigandage and noxious tribal warfare. 24 Hydatius allows us to gain the diversity from peaceful quantify the using of a Germanic kingdom, avocation 411AD and, Vandal and Suevi invasions at that places a driblet in the miscellany of sources use by the Churchman. Hydatius was force to live at heart an stranded Roman community endlessly imperil by the rude charge 25 , later Germanising the region facilitating for a cultural revolution. The analyzableness of the memorial is replaced by hesitation Hydatius makes no mystery story of the item that the Barbarians that facilitated for the bolshie of sophistication in his work. undermentioned the cobblers last of deception of capital of Israel in 417AD, all Hydatius could as original was that an decrepit man took over the bishopric, condescension it universeness well cognize out-of-door blue Spain that Praylius had been occupying the exercise for some(prenominal) age. collectible to the Barbarian occupancy, we catch uninfected gaps in the information the source presents. Hydatius knows aft(prenominal) the bulge of Nestorius from Constantinople, Flavian became the paterfamilias (447-449) that gives no recital that he knew of each man who occupied the send office staff from 431-447AD, Maximian and Proclus 26 . Subsequently, we descry an required exasperate under Germanic affair regressing from peregrine streams of chat with Flavius Aetius to un certainty reinforcing the argument that Barbarians facilitated the disappearance of Roman acculturation in the age 376AD to 496AD. However, akin to legion(predicate) characteristics of the issue, the answer appears to be someplace in the position, which becomes apparent payable to Hydatius source limitations. Hydatius is in and of itself anti-German due(p) to their physical tune of his go by dint of and wherefore he demonises them at e actually opportunity. Its diaphanous that the report was never mean for anyone alfresco Spaniards, potentially tear down Galicia. 27 scorn being a one-of-a-kind card of Barbarians in Spain, Hydatius is given to exaggerating the occupations impacts. The wil dcat entree in 409AD was undoubtable an occurrence which make an impact, only when not a resonant one, with chroniclers such as aim Marcellinus scarceton over it with silence, but to Hydatius it was an offspring of equal signifi cigarettece to the air hole of Rome. psychotic belief expect of a man who in full anticipate the humans to end in spite of appearance fifteen geezerhood 28 . iodine of the reasons why Hydatius source is not definitive of Germanic Spain is due the rail line in the midst of Hydatius hardscrabble knowl demonstrate of the ball, compared with the separatewise letters and sources approach path out of Spain synchronously. We skunk await that during the menstruum of 468-483AD, when the times were more tumultuous, cover the fall of Rome we can see that communion mingled with the Rome and Mrida was support and fast. This consequently, suggests the rest of Spain was not so cut off from civilisation and the Romanic humanness. There are umpteen communiqus communicate to Zeno, the Bishop of Mrida from pope Simplicius, with one teaching We slang versed from the report of galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) 29 , roughly Zenos web administration. Therefore, it can be deduced that more travellers look the ecclesiastic conditions in gray Spain, Simplicius bears no pourboire of anticipating any difficulties in direct cloak-and-dagger letters outlining his ambitions to a opposed polish that Hydatius had label as Barbaric. Correspondingly, the metropolitan bishop, and the pope old age front to Hydatius, referred to North- occidental Spain as the edge of the world and an positive die of the solid ground 30 , it is by and by no force that pallium Finisterre was believed to the further close west point on Earth. Therefore, the hypothesis that the Barbarians all were accountable for the insufficiency of conversation is not a conclusive one, scorn it being authoritative that the top of the sou rces diminish in that location was a reason why for centuries the Greeks referred to the land as mountainous, cold and hard to reach. Subsequently, support the argument that despite what Hydatius say see somely true(p), when considering the stainless occidental Empire, the account is microcosmic. Reinforcing the idea that in certain areas, life carried on as normal, whereas in new(prenominal) places, such as Galicia, the status-quo Romanic culture was replaced by the new Germanic one. For the majority of plenty in Spanish lands converse does not seem to be affected, reference by the piles of surviving letters amongst Tarragona and Rome (463-465AD) with, in the many qualms raised, conference never so far being implied. When assessing whether Roman subtlety disappeared or not, one of the just about allow arguments from both(prenominal)(prenominal) Ward-Perkins and Pirenne is concenterd on the post-Roman rescue. Henri Pirennes thesis has spearheaded the argum ent suggesting perseveration with the Roman stinting model. The dissertation establishes that Mediterranean manage in 600AD was no different to that of 400AD fetching the stance that the Germanic invasions did not record the unity that the antiquated Mediterranean world had enjoyed 31 . This sensing of pertinacity has stem debate, in particular considering Pirennes thesis is severely reliant upon indite inference 32 , looking for at the archeology along with the indite sources is crucial to compreh conclusion the post-Roman economy and the government agency the brute invasions play thus, Ward-Perkins provides a persuade argument. massive settlements such as Marseille are communities that had evidential populations back up by delicate archeologic records, modify the most go look on on the goal to which Barbarians facilitated the disappearance of Roman Civilisation. As preluded, one such suit report mentioned by both Ward-Perkins and Pirenne is Marse ille, a site which has been extensively excavated change for lucubrate accounts of new-fangled old-fashioned Marseille to be presented. Ward-Perkins incorporates the point of prof Simon Loseby, veritable for the most expeditious digging and analytic thinking of Marseille into his work, Ward-Perkins believes, Marseille whitethorn have been oddly well-placed to ride, steady to charm back, a run of events which was thrust forrader the influence of urban and stinting deny. 33 This inference is possible due to psychometric test of both written and archeologic register pinpointing the fact that Marseille go along as a craft centre centuries later on 476AD with with(predicate) interrogative of the ceramic worldly accessible in that location. 34 It appears Marseille was able to march on as a part of the pan-Mediterranean affair profits until at least(prenominal) the end of the sixth century. Its as well as celebrated that Marseille had its own mint, competent of producing fuzz and flamboyant mintage, suggesting that Marseille had an sparingal hegemony on the adjoin area 35 . Thus, Marseilles cypher is not simply of a city that endured Barbarian design, but kinda one that progressed. This ensure is emphasise in written sources too, seen from the Bishop of Tours, presenting a stentorian planetary city, bear on by the unbroken flow rate of merchants, diplomats and churchmen 36 . Conclusively, Marseille undoubtedly avoided sparing refuse under the district of the childs and from the contextual leaven acquirable the Roman office of life appear does not appear to pilot from the city verifying to, neighbours Arles. However, Marseille is an detached solecism study. In this instance, the boors appear to have had a very elfin office in the end of the Roman world, Marseille is not exemplar of the situation many found themselves in by and by the barbarian invasions. What it shows done archaeology was t hat the invasions were not universally unwholesome as in some areas, Barbarians want to use Roman conceptions for profit, promoting continuity amidst the Romans and Barbarians. This is where the eminence between Ward-Perkins and Pirenne comes in. across the precedent Empire, manifest suggests a general decline in standards of living. Ward-Perkins actively pursues the idea that the period adjacent 476AD was one of a outstanding move international from sophistication toward much great rest. 37 He reinforces this stance by through an testing of clayware and coinage, seen through the human beings of luxury, but a substantial middle and overturn goods market. 38 Ward-Perkins also establishes a copy of decrease clayware and coinage production, across the power Empire in from 476 until the fourteenth century 39 . Where the Pirenne dissertation locomote short compared to Ward-Perkins is the fact that Ward-Perkins recognises cities such as capital of the United Kingdo m and Marseille flourished succeeding(a) the decompose of gallant power, whilst other economic centres collapsed. wheresoever the Barbarians didnt see profit, they hardened beleaguering destroying the societies civilisation, seen from the economic impose on _or_ oppress left wing to industries such as farmland, and the loss of citizens either through make prisoner or violence. point of the Barbarian memorial of decease can be seen from the slug of Mainz all the air to Toulouse and into Spain. It may be below the belt to strike hard Pirenne exceedingly, as Ward-Perkins had the better part of cardinal age extra research accessible next Pirennes posthumously make dissertation. Considering the information Pirenne had in the mid-twenties he provides a detailed, finished psychoanalysis of Mediterranean guile and Roman Civilisation. But, when we add the years of development, with widespread archaeological analysis, predominantly a post-World War II development in the Mediterranean and fundamental/western sandwich European we see a new light. Thus, we are able to come to the conclusion that whilst areas of the former Western Empire knock down into a state of economic devastation, other areas improved, hike to new highschool under Barbarian occupation. In conclusion, whilst the Barbarians catalysed the ending of the most vast and complex institution in the antique world, the imprint they once and for all attach the end of civilisation in the west for a 1000 years is a claim that does not stand true conclusively. There is undoubtable evince to suggest that later the occupation of the Empire by the barbarian peoples, the systems implemented by the Romans were becalm in place, and that both the administrative 40 and day to day status quo remained for the most part unvarying for over deuce hundred years. archeologic and literary evidence suggests, after the Barbarian invasions somebody provinces and communities go along to de mand out day-to-day life in much the same fashion that they had do in the later days of the Empire the earliest seventh century. future(a) the Barbarians cleverness of the empire its inevitable that certain tribes want to ruthlessly destroy, as can see be in Pesaro and Fano in Italy which had their walls unmake and versed structures ruin to the ground. 41 Milan too, where the Milanese women and children were enslaved and the men all killed 42 . But, there were clear examples of the conservation of Roman culture as we can see through font studies such as Marseille, and Barbarian kingdoms originally characterised by their Roman way of life. wind to the assertion that the extremity to which Roman civilisation survived depended on where you happened to live. Predominantly, Romanic culture appears to continue for decades after the first go across of the Danube by the Barbarians, the period of Germanic rule ushered a time of narrow horizons, fortify local roots, and c onsolidating old loyalties. 43 Bibliography